The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom in their expeditions to Kush, in today's northern Sudan, and to the lands of Canaan, Phoenicia and Syria saw the city accumulate great wealth and rose to prominence, even on a world scale. Montuhotep II, who united Egypt after the troubles of the First Intermediate Period, brought stability to the lands as the city grew in stature. The importance of the city started as early as the 11th Dynasty, when the town grew into a thriving city. It was also often referred to as niw.t, which simply means "city", and was one of only three cities in Egypt for which this noun was used (the other two were Memphis and Heliopolis) it was also called niw.t rst, "southern city", as the southernmost of them. Thebes was also known as "the city of the 100 gates", sometimes being called "southern Heliopolis" ('Iunu-shemaa' in Ancient Egyptian), to distinguish it from the city of Iunu or Heliopolis, the main place of worship for the god Ra in the north. The city was regarded in the ancient Egyptian texts as wAs.t (approximate pronunciation: "Waset"), which meant "city of the sceptre", and later in Demotic Egyptian as ta jpt (conventionally pronounced as "tA ipt" and meaning "the shrine/temple", referring to the jpt-swt, the temple now known by its Arabic name Karnak, meaning "fortified village"), which the ancient Greeks adapted as Thebai and the Romans after them as Thebae. Luxor was the ancient city of Thebes, the great capital of Upper Egypt during the New Kingdom, and the glorious city of Amun, later to become the god Amun-Ra. Luxor Temple, seen from the east bank of the Nile The Egyptian name of the city is Waset, also known as Nut ( Coptic: ⲛⲏ) The Greek name is Thebes ( Ancient Greek: Θῆβαι) or Diospolis. The Egyptian village Aba al-Waqf ( Arabic: أبا الوقف, Ancient Greek: Ωφις) shares the same etymology. The Greek forms Ἀπις and Ὠφιεῖον come from the same source. The Sahidic Coptic name Pape ( Coptic: ⲡⲁⲡⲉ, pronounced Coptic pronunciation: ), comes from Demotic Ỉp.t "the adyton", which, in turn, is derived from the Egyptian. It may be equivalent to the Greek and Coptic toponym τὰ Τρία Κάστρα ta tria kastra and ⲡϣⲟⲙⲧ ⲛ̀ⲕⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟⲛ pshomt enkastron respectively, which both mean "three castles". The name Luxor ( Arabic: الأقصر, romanized: al-ʾuqṣur, lit.'the palace', pronounced / ˈ l ʌ k s ɔːr, ˈ l ʊ k-/, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation:, Upper Egyptian: ) derives from the Arabic qasr ( قصر), meaning "castle" or "palace".
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